Thinking about the ethical care of information, knowledge, culture, and what we do for societies over a very long time.

Joshua Chalifour

The hype over the last few months regarding generative AI has been quite interesting. I’ve facilitated a variety of discussions (and presented some) with faculty, staff, and other librarians regarding these tools and I’ve been following the public discourse. The thing that I keep coming back to and which I don’t feel gets the attention that it merits, is the potential to

 consider these newer AI systems, LLMs, etc.

Artificial Intelligence to Examine Us

This is the second part in a series of three posts.

Part 1 — The TPM Environment and Copyright Change from C-11

 Part 2 — Long Term Digital Preservation and the Role of TDRs

Part 3 — Copyright Law, TPMs, and Appraisal Download the whole document (PDF). Archives face inexorable problems with the duty to preserve massive quantities of information, stored on frail digital media.

Long Term Digital Preservation and the Role of TDRs

A common way to model the relationships of data, information, knowledge, and wisdom is the DIKW pyramid. Starting with its base, each concept builds on top of the former. The gist is that we require data to form information † we use information to gain knowledge † and we use knowledge toward developing wisdom. This model is one doorway to understanding the relationship between these concepts.

Data, Information, Knowledge, and Wisdom: Our Pragmatic Ignorance

I’ve been thinking about something like an instance

 Community Pledge

becoming commonplace. Mastodon instances tend to post rules, user expectations, a tiny bit of info about administrative practices. This helps cultivate the Mastodon region of the fediverse. But, and I don’t mean the following as criticism, most instances have not communicated what their administrative commitments to their community are.

Could Mastodon Instances Make a Pledge to Their Communities?

Gautama Mehta’s recent article “Proposal to install spyware in university libraries to protect copyrights shocks academics” is an important read.

Publishers Proposing Surveillance Tech on Libraries

This morning, upon learning of the newly negotiated NAFTA or as it seems to be called now USMCA, I sent the following letter to ministers of the current Canadian government. I appreciate the very difficult and complex work involved in negotiating the new version of NAFTA with the USA and Mexico.

Letter to Ministers Regarding the New NAFTA / USMCA &amp; “Intellectual Property”

Recent copyright legislation prevents archives from legitimately fulfilling key requirements for the long term preservation and provision of access to digital fonds.

How Recent Copyright Legislation (C-11) and TPMs Prevent Digital Preservation

I’d been concerned with what I had once called digital cultural amnesia. Though in reflecting on the word “amnesia” I no longer think it’s the best way to express the problem. Lynne Brindley, chief executive of the British Library, writes about the phenomenon in

 The Observer

. She takes the personal analogue and raises it to a national level.

Ephemera and the National Memory

Communia published its

 Public Domain Manifesto

. The manifesto identifies the public domain concept with respect to historical development and more urgently, its relevance to culture today. I think it makes an important statement, in terms of offering a level, common understanding that could be used widely across society, government, and business.

First Take on the Public Domain Manifesto

Sometimes we see headlines in the news about a book being challenged at a library. People from different perspectives might see the content of the book or other aspects of it as threatening or inappropriate. Understanding these challenges and forming responses is essential to our work as librarians in advocating and supporting intellectual freedom. Now, the work to track this information will receive more coordinated support.

Tracking the Challenges Made to Canadian Library Books

This is the third part in a series of three posts.

Part 1 — The TPM Environment and Copyright Change from C-11 Part 2 — Long Term Digital Preservation and the Role of TDRs

 Part 3 — Copyright Law, TPMs, and Appraisal

Download the whole document (PDF). The Canadian Council of Archives (CCA) identifies five categories of appraisal criteria.

Copyright Law, TPMs, and Appraisal

Open data is a well-defined concept but in the public sector, there is some difficult work ahead for its digital curation. Although the support and production of open data from governments around the world varies (with many not yet supporting it at all) there are clear movements to encourage and grow open government data initiatives.

Digital Curation Issues Involving Open Government Data

I’ve been reading the draft consultation version of the Canadian Digital Information Strategy (PDF). The strategy proposes strengthening content, ensuring its preservation, and maximizing its access and use. These are important for many reasons the report addresses regarding culture;

Some Notes on the Canadian Digital Information Strategy Draft

The processes and supports within an institution can, I’ve noticed, demand a bit of effort to change. When we speak of

 open scholarship

or

 open science

, many aspects tie-in or lead out from those concepts, which makes the whole prospect of institutional change quite complex.

Institutional Change toward Open Scholarship and Open Science

I first read an e-book a few years ago when I decided to see how War and Peace felt on my phone. Engrossing. And probably no less so than it is on paper. Now I like both paper books and e-books but the spread of e-books is about more than just enjoying them or not.

E-books: New Experiences and Problems with Access

As a librarian, I talk with other faculty and students about their academic work and the life-cycle of the research process. I’ve always stressed that open access is important for many reasons, including toward making research outputs available to people that otherwise wouldn’t be able to get them.

Talk about the Broad Value of Open Access

Chroknowlogy

I've been reading the draft consultation version of the [Canadian
Digital Information
Strategy](https://www.ic.gc.ca/eic/site/028.nsf/eng/00528.html "Download the draft of the Canadian Digital Information Strategy")
([PDF](http://www.lac-bac.gc.ca/obj/012033/f2/012033-1000-e.pdf)). The
strategy proposes strengthening content, ensuring its preservation, and
maximizing its access and use. These are important for many reasons the
report addresses regarding culture; the report also has some anchors in
industry, stating that "nations that nurture their digital information
assets and infrastructure will prosper."

In explaining why we need a strategy the report says

> "Digital content will be more and more in the form of conversations
> between people, using many different media types."

This requires a more solid understanding of what constitutes
conversation. The different media are one issue but within the use of
those media the constructs of a conversation vary hugely. From blog
posts to instant messages, even the selection of hyperlinks you choose
to place in your web page.

The report offers a grid (p. 10) categorizing content by its source,
motivation, audience, and characteristics. I believe there is a
miscategorization here in that one source is the public domain and civil
society whereas other sources are the business world or academic
community. The report notes there may be some overlap but I think this
categorization could be reconsidered and improved. The overlap seems too
great to make the existing categories meaningful. In particular, I don't
see why the public domain is held separate from the rest, since it is
not the same sort of a category at all. Every other category can include
the public domain.

A key assumption in the proposed strategy is that

> "Information access and use supports Canada's societal goals-In
> society, equitable information access fosters equal opportunity for
> learning, creative and commercial enterprise."

I think this is a wonderful base assumption, not simply for recognizing
the need to have equitable access but also because I think it requires
recognition of the integral role that this access plays for learning,
creative, and commercial enterprise. And because information access
leads to what enables people to access it-so if you read the report
you'll see various (welcome) mentions of open standards and sources.

An outcome the strategy seeks is that Canada's **information assets and
knowledge are preserved in digital form**. There is the point that we
and future generations ought to have ongoing access to our digital
knowledge and information assets, especially with regard to the
intellectual, scientific, and creative accomplishments. I'm glad this
point is in the forefront because it is a big problem. I touched on this
in a post previously, commenting on our [political
motivation](http://www.phydeau.org/chroknowlogy/intellectual-liberty/2007/motivating-anti-ip-activism-in-canada/ "Motivating Anti-IP Activism in Canada")
in terms of our heritage.

Unfortunately, I feel that the strategy doesn't outline a sufficient
method for ensuring the storage techniques to make this digital
preservation clearly the right choice. Not that I'm saying it isn't, but
we have many flaws to deal with in terms of digital preservation and I
think those must be worked out much more completely. The plan does cover
some ground in this regard.

For example, in the objectives for ensuring preservation, it states

> "We are confronted with the need to choose what will be preserved and
> what will not."

It calls for a reasoned framework to do so. The strategy notes that
we're incapable (presently) of storing all the information we create.
But haven't we always had this problem? We've never been able to store
everything (digital or not) and what we do keep in museums and archives,
is not necessarily placed there because of a reasoned framework. I'm not
saying we shouldn't have such a framework however, but I'm questioning
what it should be used to accomplish.

For all the digital information we create, how do we determine what will
be significant to the future? Nobody's ever thought it was an important
idea to record every phone conversation for eternity. However, now that
we're looking at conversations in digital mediums, weblogs for example,
and we feel like they've got to be preserved. Is the impetus for this
the digital medium? I think the more difficult part of the preservation
task is determining the "what" rather than the "how"and I suppose that's
the purpose of the framework. Any framework though is going to be
developed within our present context so I wonder how it will be able to
account for the rapid changes that take place in digital mediums? When
hyperlinks constitute conversations do they cease to be preservation
worthy in the same way as day-to-day phone conversations? Interesting
problem.

To continue on the "how" side of the digital preservation thread, the
strategy addresses trusted digital repositories (TDRs), which cover the
"policy, process, standards, and technology framework for digital
preservation."So TDRs address the "how" for making digital information
accessible to future generations. We're lacking a thorough discussion of
what we need to do to train future generations so that they're able to
understand and access these TDRs. We cannot just assume that the work we
put into creating them will easily carry on to the next generation. A
TDR is a complex system, relying on current technologies that may be so
obsolete that they're not even comprehensible to future generations.
That's an ongoing concern.

Furthermore-the TDR idea, while not completely articulated yet (and as
the strategy mentions, a proper TDR does not exist in Canada yet) does
promote

> "...common attributes and open standards; provision of guidance and
> training; and development and sharing of open source tools."

Great that it is being couched in open standards and open source.

One **potential risk of TDR**s is that they might conceivably be used as
official checkplaces for "*intellectual property*" rights. I think this
stands a great chance of being detrimental to the assumptions of the
document for equitable access and the nurturing of digital assets. I may
have a pessimistic view, but current IP trends, as controlled by
short-term commercial enterprise, suggest that my pessimistic view for
such a rights repository would be a likely consideration for misuse or
abuse.

On developing an effective TDR, the strategy promotes the idea that
"Effective R&D will enable the technical foresight and constant
vigilance required to manage and preserve digital information" which is
nice thinking but I still think this calls for a more deliberate
outline.

Switching gears, an idea the strategy introduces, which really
fascinated me was

> "creating new competencies and positions such as '**digital
> curators**' who would have stewardship responsibility for digital
> information."

The strategy recommends raising

> "the profile of digital preservation needs and challenges within
> creator communities..."

This is important because the changes digital media have provoked are
barely audible in public discourse. As a whole, we should make these
issues commonly understood by the greater population so that they can be
acted on with political will. Information is within our environment and
ought to be considered intimately.

The Library and Archives Canada draft strategy covers a lot of ground
and raises important points for further discussion. I loved seeing that
it was introduced to the public for commentary too (I suppose I wouldn't
be writing this post otherwise).
